Report on the NATO Advanced Research Workshop
Report on the Workshop COST 248
Dokumentation: Das Intelligente Haus
R. Lauff: Überzeugt vom Umweltschutz
Dodgson/Rothwell: The Handbook of Industrial Innovation
J. Phillimore: Local Matters - Perspectives on ..
Meyer/Jörissen/Socher: TA Grundwasserschutz und Wasserversorgung
Kluge/Schramm/Vack: Wasserwende
Fifty scientists from around the world met from October 12 to 14 in Budapest to participate in a "NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Knowledge, Technology Transfer and Forecasting". The meeting was organized by Dr. Annamaria Inzelt, Director of the IKU Innovation Research Centre and Reinhard Coenen, Deputy Director of the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis of the Research Centre Karlsruhe, both members of the Executive Committee of the International Association for Technology Assessment and Forecasting Institutions (IATAFI). Participants were primarily from NATO countries and East and Central European Cooperation partner countries, although representatives also attended from China, India and Africa with the support of IATAFI. IATAFI is an international non-governmental organization established to help network scientific institutions involved in technology assessment and forecasting with each others and with those institutions that could benefit from technology assessment. The organization maintains headquarters in Bergen, Norway, where the President Dr. Jan Andersen (formerly of Statoil) and Business Manager Trygve Hindenes (of Statoil) reside.
The workshop was organized in six sessions:
_ Opening session: Technology Transfer,
Assessment and Foresight - Global Chal
lenges
_ Session I: Diffusion of Laser Technologies
_ Session II: Knowledge Transfer in
Biotechnology
_ Session III: Technology Flow in the Field
of Information Technology
_ Session IV: Foresight
_ Closing session.
The theme of the opening workshop session was Technology Transfer, Assessment and Foresight - Global Challenges. This topic underlined many of the presentations and discussions throughout the workshop. The global challenge faced by all participants seems to be related to changes in the structure of economies in all countries and its cascading effects on scientific institutions. Three general conditions in the "global economy" underscored much of the discussion at the workshop. These were:
- There is not enough funding (money) to
satisfy all scientific desires.
Structural changes in the economy are driving government changes which are affecting the allocation of resources to scientific institutions and universities (institutions and universities are receiving less money and anticipate receiving even less money in the future.)
Existing structures of science and technology development are or will need to be changing (some institutions are threatened with extinction, while others are already extinct).
Because of these conditions, participants discussed knowledge production and knowledge transfer against a background of changing social, political and organizational arrangements. Taking a step back from the actual discussions in the sessions on "Laser Technology" or "Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology" or "Technology Flow in the Field of Information Technology" it seems institutions represented by the various participants were all in similar situations, whether from the former East Block Countries or the Western Countries. If one takes an "organizational ecology" approach to understanding the scientific situation in these countries, scientific institutions can be compared to species struggling to survive against a changing environment. How these institutions adapt to the changing environmental conditions will determine whether these institutions thrive and grow healthier or whether they wither away and die. While the "relative deprivation" in institutions of the former East Block Countries may be higher than in Western institutions, the changes in the global economy seem to be affecting all institutions. Inherent in the current debate on science funding is the relationship between scientific production and economic development. In earlier times the relationship was taken on faith to be linear and positive, an assumption being challenged in many countries with high budget deficits. This challenge, in part brought on by the end of the Cold War arms race, has threatened the status quo in the scientific community and created the need for change.
Given the need for adaption of scientific institutions in most countries, it seems one can easily identify areas where scarce resources should not be expended. These would include the following: 1) Defending current scientific structures (institutions and institutional arrangements) and past "models" as appropriate for the future. 2) Working harder under the current structure with the idea that changes in the environment were only temporary aberrations. 3) Maintaining institutional boundaries (instead of consolidating, networking and teaming), and 4) Thinking locally and regionally instead of globally. These approaches will only deplete scarce "energy reserves" of institutions and minimize their chances of successful adaptation.
Like many scientists, those involved in technology assessment and social forecasting may not be as self reflective (institutionally speaking) as we might be. While we can analyze and forecast for others, we often have difficulty analyzing and forecasting the fate of the very scientific institutions of which we are a part. The similarity of the situation for all the participants at the IATAFI workshop highlighted this problem. While technology assessment seeks to help us understand and anticipate potential problems and benefits of changes in technology, as a discipline we have not used our capabilities to develop and promote a healthy environmental niche for the very institutions that do assessment and forecasting (or adapt to new niches). One need only look to the abolishment of the United States Congress' Office of Technology Assessment to recognize our failure to anticipate and adapt institutionally.
Papers presented and discussed at session I on Diffusion of
Laser Technology covered both strictly technical (Karapatnitski,
Rubanov, Szabö) and more general, historical and technology
policy issues (Kroö, Spalding, Vondeling). Thus it would
be a too ambitious undertaking to try to summarise all the papers.
Therefore some conclusions resulting from the discussions are
elaborated.
Laser technology represents a new technological regime. It is
a strongly science-based technology, on the one hand. Fast technological
changes, on the other hand, require continuous education, and
thus frequent revisions of curricula, and re-training of scientists,
engineers, doctors, etc. Hence laser R&D contributes significantly
to higher education, and thus it is beneficial even from a fairly
narrow economic efficiency point of view.
Support for laser R&D would result in notable improvements in a wide range of related technologies for the following reasons. First, laser technology has caused a radical change in technological trends. It has opened new research directions (e.g. impacts of high energy light on different materials, measurement of various processes without disturbing them, optical computing) and revitalised traditional technologies (material processing, medical techniques, etc.).
Second, it can be deemed as a 'networking' technology. Since it is a strongly science-based technology, it requires a close co-operation among scientists, R&D and production engineers and often users (doctors, industrialists, etc.). Moreover, most of its applications draw on a wide spectrum of disciplines and technologies (related areas of physics, chemistry, material sciences, on the one hand, and precision engineering, information technologies, alignment, control, measurement and material processing technologies, on the other hand, e.g. in the case of industrial applications).
A further important point for policy consideration is that laser technology, as already indicated in the previous paragraphs, is a pervasive technology, that is, it contributes to wealth creation through improvements in a number of fields (material processing, telecommunications, computer and office technologies, R&D, diagnostics and therapy in the health sector, test and measurement in all industries, etc.).
In the industrialised countries the diffusion of laser technology has been a fairly quick and far-reaching process. Nowadays various types of lasers are crucial in manufacturing - particularly in automotive and electronics industry for heat treatment, cutting, welding, marking for quality assurance, ceramic scribing, etc. - as well as in construction, R&D, information handling and medicine. Laser technology is not only of technical importance - due to its superiority to older technologies and capability to provide formerly unimaginable technical opportunities - but also of economic importance. Besides the direct impact on users' profitability an indirect economic effect should also be mentioned. Expenditures on R&D projects, on accessories, components, and on 'other system elements' have accounted for a considerable part of total laser sales. This suggests that laser technology, strictly defined, has not only 'pulled' a wide range of other innovations, embodied in auxiliary mechanical, optical, electronic, electromechanical devices, but promoted their diffusion as well.
Scientists and engineers in the former communist countries have achieved remarkable laser R&D results. The commercialisation of laser technology, however, was not that successful in these countries. Yet, accumulated skills and knowledge, coupled with appropriate economic incentives and institutions conducive to innovation might provide an excellent basis for successful and mutually beneficial international co-operation both in R&D and manufacturing of laser equipment, and thus leading to economic success.
Economic research could contribute to achieve this end by analysing new modes of knowledge production and flow, notably academia-industry links, various forms of alliances among companies, the role of users and innovative small and medium-sized enterprises, both in a given country and in the international context. It is also of crucial importance to gain a thorough and deep understanding of the on-going restructuring process both in the R&D sphere and in industries, e.g. the impacts of austerity measures in R&D in higher education, privatisation, foreign direct investment projects, the collapse of the former communist countries, etc.. Further, the transition process also provides a unique opportunity to study emerging institutions, both market and non-market ones, and thus to draw theoretical conclusions for economies and other social sciences as well as practical, i.e. policy, lessons for transition economies and advanced countries.
At session II on Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology six papers were presented highlighting some important aspects of biotechnology and related problems. It was generally agreed that biotechnology is a multidisciplinary, pervasive industry (similar to laser) with very strong science linkage. Speaking about biotechnology, quite naturally attention is focused on genetic engineering or the new generation of biotechnology disregarding the fact that, in a sense, it has been with us from antiquity in such ancient activities as bread making with yeast or brewing. However, the scientific discoveries in the second half of the 20th century opened the way to genetic engineering, posing constant challenges to scientists in different scientific fields. Biotechnology is a technology which could be utilised in a number of industries, e.g. in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, agriculture, environmental protection, etc.. Due to its special characteristics, biotechnology is an activity which could be carried out in small firms as well.
Especially interesting was the issue pointed out by M. Sharp (SPRU). Her research revealed that the leading European pharmaceutical companies are conducting their research in the USA. As they are using American labs, employing American researchers, there is a risk - according to her - that European scientific capabilities will be eroded. T. Reiss (Germany) disagreed with this view, illustrating the strong and developing biotechnological bases in Germany. She. however, pointed out that biotechnological R&D follows a different pattern in Germany, namely a larger proportion of R&D is spent on environmental protection for example, and relatively smaller proportions on health care than in the USA. P. Mogyorosi (Hungary) suggested in his presentation that somehow Hungary follows a similar pattern in R&D spending to that of Germany. At the same time he called the attention to the very poor financial situation of all Hungarian companies.
In session III on Technology Flow in the Field of Information Technology five papers were presented. Sandor Bottka stated the fact that IT is the motor driving modern development. Applied technology has the potential to alter organisational behaviour as well as the structures of power both locally and on a national level.
Compared to its neighbours, Hungary, according to Sandor Bottka is in a fortunate position considering the present extent of IT infrastructure development. However, its effort to produce content to be offered to the networks is in the initial phase. The challenge now is to find partners and launch projects on line with the ideas and objectives of the G-7 Information Infrastructure and EU-Information Society. Technology Assessment could help to indicate which way to go.
Peter Hanak (Hungary) discussed the problem of bringing Central- and Eastern Europe societies up on line with those who are the forerunners in the use of IT. He pointed out a number of main applications and elaborated on how it might be possibly to find smarter and faster ways to go. He also pointed out the importance of making a fast and significant step forward to be able to bridge the gap to Western Europe, definitely break out of isolation, thus paving the ground for favourable development. He saw the need for Data-highways as a prerequisite.
Alexander V. Koroshilov (Russia) gave an example of successful transfer of technology from German partners and shared the experiences they had had during the last three years, retraining former military employees by the means of simulation programmes.
Alfonso Molina (United Kingdom) pointed out the importance of the Technology Management and Policy Programme in industries. Correct valuing of IT's contribution to company life and success is a prerequisite for IT diffusion. The capacities of the hardware are increasing dramatically and new production methods for the modern and powerful microprocessors call for new methods to test and ensure their quality if they are to be succesfully accepted by the users.
Florin Filip (Romania) gave an overview over what had been achieved so far in building electronic high-ways in his country. He also pointed out important new IT-projects to be implemented in the coming years to facilitate improvements in IT-standardisation, public administration, engineering, computer manufacturing and so on. He also assessed the impact of the participation of Romanian scientists in EU-funded projects.
In Session IV on Foresight Sybille Breiner (Germany) and Luke Georghiou (UK) presented papers on foresight activities in their countries, Joseph Coates gave a paper on his Multiclient Study: Project 2025. These activities are described in the focus topic of this issue (see page 5 and 6). The main focus of the papers of Sybille Breiner and Luke Georghiou was methodology of foresight and the process of foresight, whereas Joseph Coates presented results of his own foresight project. Nigel Clarke of the European Patent Office's branch in Vienna demonstrated how patent information can be used for forecasting.
Other papers in this session, by Galina Butowskaya (Belorussia), Galina Sugieva (Russia) and Dimitrios Deniozos (Greece) dealt with the R&D planning and structure in their countries.
Alexander Sheindlin (Russia) discussed in his paper the transitional problems of Russia's energy industry and Baruch Raz (Israel) in his paper "Science and Technology at the Crossroads" the challenges for science and technology in the future.
The discussion on foresight was fairly controversial, the usefulness of foresight for R&D planning and its reliability were discussed, especially along with the pros and cons of Delphi type forecasts. Throughout the session an recurring discussion point was priority setting in Research and Development. Different positions were exchanged. Some argued for a broad non-delicated support of science whereas others took the position that priorities should predominantly be set according to societal and economic needs. The question who should set priorities was also discussed.
In the closing session Vary Coates presented a paper on OTA's death and the future perspectives for TA in the United States (see her contributions in thisissue)
The proceedings of the workshop will be published in spring 1996 by Kluwers Publishers.
(R. Coenen (ITAS), K. György (IKU), A. Havas (IKU), T. Hindenes (IATAFI), Gary Williams (ANL) )
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Report on the Workshop COST 248: Technology Assessment
in the Field of Telecommunications - The Future European Telecommunications
User
von Franz Büllingen, WIK
Aims and Contents of the Research Coope
ration COST
The abbreviation COST stands for 'European Co-Operation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research' and involves an organisational research framework - existing since 1971 - of currently 19 European states. For the achievement of cross-border cooperation and coordination in the field of research and development, conferences and workshops are regularly carried out within the COST framework. Many COST-activities are directly engaged in problems and tasks of technology development such as 'New Materials', 'Genetic Engineering', 'Informatics' or 'Telecommunications'. The COST 248 action 'The Future European Telecommunications User' is focused on the consequences of new telecommunications technologies for society with particular emphasis on questions and aspects of social science. Insights into the telecommunications behaviour of consumers, that is of user groups, should be deepened, resulting in an international and intercultural comparison. This should provide more knowledge on how to shape telecommunications due to social concerns and for an increasing product- and service-orientation towards the users' individual needs and demands.
Since 1992, the Wissenschaftliche Institut für Kommunikationsdienste (WIK) has been involved in collaboration on these COST-activities. This year, it has been engaged in the organisation of the annual workshop in cooperation with the Forschungs- und Technologiezentrum (FTZ) of the Deutsche Telekom AG. More than 50 international and national guests accepted the invitation by WIK/FTZ to this event, which took place in the Führungsakademie der Deutschen Telekom AG/Bad Honnef on the 26th, 27th and 28th of April 1995. For the first time, representatives of the Eastern European countries the Czech Republic, Croatia and Hungary participated.
The workshop was mainly focused on four topics, which were treated in parallel working groups:
_ Methodical and methodological questions of qualitative data collection procedures in the field of private customers, that is private households.
_ Aspects of the development of communications behaviour in different user segments in the participating countries (analysis of cultural impacts on the development of use patterns)
_ Analysis of acceptance, adoption and diffusion of existing and new services as well as
_ Analyis of consequences for social structures and individuals with regard to integrity and safety of communications, the development of privacy and data protection as well as social consequences on mediatisation processes.
Stock-taking and research deficits
In their opening speech Annevi Kant (Telia) and Franz Büllingen
(WIK) emphasised the fact that, in the last years, developments
and dynamics in the telecommunications markets were highly determined
by commercial use, also being partially driven by it. At first,
a large number of newly developed services penetrated the area
of commercial use and their majority were adopted successfully
by many enterprises. Due to this development, social science was
primarily interested in diffusion and adoption processes in this
area. Although this development has not yet been finished and
processes are not fully understood, endeavours in research have
more generally progressed in the field of commercial telecommunications
use than in the field of private customers. Examples taken from
the field of gerontology show that we know little about how the
development and segmentation in the field of private customers
are influenced by new life styles, processes of individualisation
or increase of leisure time. Further questions are: how do patterns
of work- and everyday-organisation change with the use of telecommunications
and which social factors determine the acceptance of telecommunications
services to what extent?
Future trends towards the integration and multifunctional use
of services and terminal equipment will presumably increase complexity
as well as user problems. For this reason, it will be necessary,
on the one hand to counteract this 'new non-transparency', e.g.
by the provision of new services and by the development of appropriate
software. On the other hand, this development shows that there
is considerable need for research on the field of private customers
to adapt new services to socio-structural change. Above all, new
qualitative procedures have to be developed and tested in order
to integrate the customers' knowledge and needs into the development
of services and terminal equipment.
Results of research projects
Enid Mante-Meijer of KPN Research (Netherlands), and Hans van der Loo (University of Utrecht) emphasised in their reports that in order to get more reliable theses on the (future) communications and demand behaviour of users, the level of generalization has to be abandoned, moving to more focused analyses of individual user segments. Methodological and data problems as well as prognostic uncertainty will increase considerably. The generalization of experiences with the Plain Old Telephone (POT), obscures the view on current and future social trends of development, due to which the term 'mass market' will probably emerge as obsolete. In order to understand the behaviour of the private customer, you have to see him in his parallel roles as user, buyer and as a member of a social group with characteristic patterns of behaviour and specific attitudes towards social values.
KPN Research has, for instance, developed extensive questionnaires and patterns of criteria, towards which potential innovations of service developers (producers) should be oriented. These in order to observe the social appropriateness of telecommunications services and to avoid problems or conflicts when they are applied. Subsequently, potential - if possible - homogenous user groups were identified, and small panels of these were questioned about possible application fields of these services. Surprisingly, users often had rather more concrete ideas about possible applications or even had proposals for improvement than experts thought. Although the segmentation of markets is progressing, methodological validation and extension of this source of information could achieve a greater appropriateness of service innovations to the needs of the users.
Jaako Hyttinen (Omnitele, Finland) and Bill Melody (Technical University of Denmark) stressed these results by their own research experiences and tried to give a prognosis on future services and possibilities of development. Melody argued in favour of seeing the future market potential more soberly. Acccording to recent representative surveys of the US market (New York State Department of Public Service Network Modernization Study, 1995), only approx. one fifth of the population was seriously interested in online-information. Nearly a third totally lacked interest, merely 15 % were very interested in videophony and 10 % in videoshopping. Approx. 50 % of the population were indifferent to both services. The reasons for these attitudes have only been examined superficially.
Both reports emphasised that it is not only necessary to examine the desires and needs of the users more effectively, but also that the strategies for the introduction of such services have to be designed more intelligently and more pragmatically, being determined less by technical potentials and short-term profit expectations. Also if innovation cycles, e.g. of terminal equipment should become shorter, these dynamics alone should not determine market strategies with regard to private households.
Perspectives of future work
The final event of the workshop demonstrated that all participants considered the results as an important and successful step towards an improvement and intensification of international research cooperation. Although it was stressed that many results of research projects were confidential and could only be integrated implicitly, the working atmosphere was considered as open and constructive. The main focus of the next COST workshop, presumably to take place in Switzerland in 1996, will be predominantly on problems and possibilities of intercultural comparability of research results on the use of telecommunications in private households.
Kontakt
Franz Büllingen
Wissenschaftliches Institut für
Kommunikationsdienste GmbH
Postfach 2000, D-53588 Bad Honnef
Tel.: 02224/9225-0; Fax: 02224/9225-66
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Dokumentation: Das Intelligente Haus
Die Dokumentation enthält Vorträge und Empfehlungen der vom Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Fraunhofer-Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung (FhG-ISI) organisierten Veranstaltung das Intelligente Haus, die am 6. Juli 1995 im Wissenschaftszentrum Bonn stattfand.
Mit der Veranstaltung Das "Intelligente Haus" in der Reihe Innovationen für die Informationsgesellschaft sind verschiedene Disziplinen eingeladen worden, Antworten zu versuchen auf die Frage, was das intelligente Haus, eine intelligente Wohnung, ausmacht und welche Voraussetzungen durch wen erfüllt sein müssen, um diese dritte Haut oder den Handschuh der Seele umweltverträglich, bezahlbar und schön zu realisieren.
In der Electronic Cottage, dem intelligenten Haus, hat Alvin Toffler den Schlüssel für eine neu, vernünftige, sensible, umweltverträgliche, anständige, demokratische Zivilisation gesehen.
Wie weit sind wir auf dem Weg der Konkretisierung dieser Utopie gekommen?
Wie sehen die Wohnungen, die Häuser der Informationsgesellschaft zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts aus?
Wie können bestehende und zu bauende Wohnungen und Häuser smart, intelligent werden? Wie können sie wechselnde Einflüsse und Anforderungen zuerst analysieren, sodann diagnostizieren und schließlich in sinnvoller Weise darauf reagieren?
Wird z.B. der photonische Arbeitsimmigrant aus Karavellen aus
Silizium und Galliumarsenid (Frank Ogden) mit seinem ehemaligen
Arbeitgeber als bestem Kunden die Welt über die Multimedia-Omnibox
ins Wohnzimmer verlagern? Oder allgemeiner gefragt: Wie kann Wohnen
für die unterschiedlichsten Bedürfnisse, Anforderungen
und Lebensstile gestaltet werden? Wie können Leben, Wohnen
und Arbeiten zusammengeführt werden unter Beachtung der Ziele
Kommunikation, Information, Unterhaltung, Ressourcenschonung,
verkehrsarme Mobilität, Langlebigkeit von Bauten, Recyclierbarkeit
von Baumaterialien usw.?
Mit dieser Dokumentation werden die Beiträge der Referenten
dokumentiert und deren spontane, auf Anfrage gegebenen Empfehlungen
am Ende der Veranstaltung wiedergegeben.
Die Dokumentation ist beim BMBF, Postfach 200240, 53170 Bonn erhältlich.
(Quelle: Vorwort der Dokumentation)
Kontakt
Irene Rüde
BMBF, - Referat 526 "Informationstechnik
und Gesellschaft"
Tel.: 0228 57-3226; Fax: 0228 57-3601
e-mail: irene.ruede@bmbf.bund400.de
Peter Zoche
FhG-ISI, Forschungsgruppe Informations-
und Kommunikationssysteme
Breslauer Straße 48, 76139 Karlsruhe
Tel.: 0721- 6809-152; Fax: 0721 - 6809-131
e-mail pz@isi.fhg.de
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- BÜCHER KURZ VORGESTELLT -
In der letzten Nummer der TA-Datenbank-Nachrichten (Nr. 3, 1995, S. 11-14) haben wir innerhalb des Schwerpunktthemas Multimedia über die Ergebnisse des Multimedia-Projekts des Büros für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung (TAB) berichtet. Der zu diesem Projekt im Mai vorgelegte TAB-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 33 ist bereits seit einigen Wochen vergriffen. Eine überarbeitete Fassung dieses Berichtes ist jetzt im Bollmann Verlag, Mannheim, erschienen. Sie wurde gegenüber dem TAB-Arbeitsbericht ergänzt um ein Nachwort und ein Register mit einem eingearbeiteten Glossar.
Das Buch gliedert sich in 8 Hauptkapitel:
1 Multimedia vor dem Start? Eine Einführung
2 Multimedia in geschäftlichen Anwendungen
3 Neue Medienwelten im Privathaushalt
4 Multimedia im öffentlichen Bereich - Bürger und Staat
5 Lernen mit Multimedia - unterhaltsam, aber auch wirksam?
6 Bunt, schrill und laut: Die neue Mediensprache?
7 Computerisierung des Hörfunks: DAB und andere digitale Radioformen
8 Schlußfolgerungen und Vorschläge.
Begleitend zum Text des Buches wurde ein Video erstellt, das unterschiedliche Aspekte multimedialer Anwendungen veranschaulicht. Wegen extrem langwieriger und schwieriger Verhandlungen über die Rechte zur Verwendung einzelner Beiträge auf diesem Video steht es erst ab Januar 1996 zur Verfügung.
[Vorwort/htm] [Inhalt/htm] [Zusammenfassung/htm] [English summary/htm] [Sommaire français/htm] [Rezensionen/htm] [Titelbild/gif]
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RUDOLF J. LAUFF (Hrsg.): Überzeugt vom Umweltschutz
- Unternehmen berichten zur ICC-Charta für langfristig tragfähige
Entwicklung. Bonn: Economica Verlag GmbH, 1995. ISBN 3-87081-085-8.
Ca. 400 Seiten, zahlreiche Abbildungen und Graphiken, broschiert.
Preis ca. DM/sFR 58,--, Ös 453,--.
56 Unternehmen - von denen die meisten zur Liste der 500 größten deutschen Unternehmen gehören - berichten über ihr Engagement und ihre Aktivitäten in Sachen Umweltschutz. Dabei fühlen sie sich der 1991 verabschiedeten ICC-Charta für eine langfristig tragfähige Entwicklung mit 16 Grundsätzen des Umweltmanagements verpflichtet.
Der Leitfaden enthält konkrete Beiträge zu folgenden Grundsätzen: umweltorientiertes Management, Schulung der Beschäftigten, Produkte und Dienstleistungen, Kundeninformation, sparsamer Einsatz von Energie und Rohstoffen, Forschung und Entwicklung, Vorsorge zur Vermeidung von Umweltschäden, Technologietransfer sowie Einhaltung der Umweltmaßnahmen und Berichterstattung.
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MARK DODGSON AND ROY ROTHWELL (Ed.): The Handbook of Industrial
Innovation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1995. 480
pp, £75.00. Hardback 1-85278-655-8.
Industrial innovation is essential for national and corporate competitiveness. Understanding the nature, determinants and consequences of innovation is a key task of managers, public policy makers and all students of industry and business.
This Handbook of Industrial Innovation brings together specially commissioned contributions by thirty world-leading experts on a wide range of issues concerning innovation. The first section of the book provides an introduction to the significance and process of industrial innovation, and to the contexts or 'systems' within which it occurs. A series of sectoral and industrial studies (section 2) is followed by assessments of the key issues affecting innovation (section 3). A later section 4 examines one of the major constraints on successful innovation: the strategic management of technology in both products and processes. The concluding section discusses future challenges of innovation in a global perspective.
As well as discussing the benefits of innovation, the problems and challenges of the processes, management and outcomes of innovation are raised throughout the book. Select bibliographies chosen by international experts are included to ensure that this comprehensive reference tool is an indispensable guide for students, scholars, innovators and policy makers.
(Source: Publisher's flyer)
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JOHN PHILLIMORE (Ed.): Local Matters - Perspectives on
the Globalisation of Technology. Perth: Institute for Science
and Technology Policy (ISTP), 1995. ISBN 0-86905-411-2
This unique collection of essays brings together a group of Australia's brightest young researchers with more established authors in the field of science and technology policy to discuss issues of globalisation, technology and the role of "the local". Only by taking the local context seriously can we fully appreciate and understand the opportunities and threats presented by the apparent globalisation of technology.
Beginning with a keynote essay by Professor Keith Pavitt from the internationally renowned Science Policy Research Unit at Sussex University, subsequent essays respond and interact with the issues he raises in a collaborative attempt to tease out the full implications of the twin forces of globalisation and technological change. Perspectives covered include:
- Research, technology and industry
- Ecological sustainability
- Country, regional and urban studies
- Philosophical and historical reflections.
Local Matters suggests global change is not one-dimensional or uni-directional. The local context into which technology is introduced plays a vital role in influencing how and whether technology is accepted. There is also increasing evidence to show that the local and community context is crucial in generating, as well as adopting, new technology.
In short, local matters do matter, in creating, adapting and adopting global technology in ways which promote rather than inhibit positive change and development.
Copies may be ordered directly at US$ 12.00 (£ 8.00) + $4.00 (£ 2.50) postage and handling per copy from:
ISTP
Fax: +61-9-310-5537
Mailing address:
'Local Matters', c/o ISTP
Murdoch University, Perth
Western Australia, 6150
e-mail: phillo@central.murdoch.edu.au
(Source: ISTP Flyer)
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ROLF MEYER, JULIANE JÖRISSEN, MARTIN SOCHER: Technikfolgen-Abschätzung
Grundwasserschutz und Wasserversorgung, 2 Bände, ges. 934
Seiten. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1995. DM 189,--. ISBN 3-503-03891-4
Die Ergebnisse dieser breit angelegten Technikfolgenabschätzung des Büros für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag sind jetzt in zwei Bänden in der Reihe Wasserrecht und Wasserwirtschaft (Band 32 und 33) beim Erich Schmidt Verlag erschienen.
Band 1 enthält die Teilberichte:
_ Vorsorgestrategien zum Grundwasserschutz für den Bereich Landwirtschaft
_ Vorsorgestrategien zum Grundwasserschutz für den Bausektor
_ Problemanalyse zum Grundwasserschutz im Verkehrssektor.
Band 2 enthält die Teilberichte:
_ Grundwassersanierung
_ Grundwasserdefizitgebiete durch Braunkohlebergbau in den neuen Bundesländern
_ Zukunftsperspektiven der Wasserversorgung.
Die Teilberichte sind als jeweils eigenständige, in sich
abgeschlossene Berichte konzipiert. In jedem Teilbericht werden
die Handlungsmöglichkeiten für den entsprechenden Problembereich
dargestellt. Beiden Bänden vorangestellt ist der zusammenfassende
Endbericht mit der Zielsetzung, eine Integration der Ergebnisse
aus den Teilberichten vorzunehmen. In ihm werden die wichtigsten
Ergebnisse aus den Untersuchungsschwerpunkten zusammengefaßt
und ihre Zusammenhänge beschrieben.
Die Bände sind auch einzeln beziehbar.
(Quelle: Verlagsprospekt)
[Zum Seitenanfang]
THOMAS KLUGE, ENGELBERT SCHRAMM, AICHA VACK: Wasserwende.
Wie die Wasserkrise in Deutschland bewältigt werden kann.
München: PIPER, 1995. Serie Piper Aktuell. 176 Seiten. DM
16,90. ISBN 3-492-12059-8.
Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Nachhaltigkeit herrscht in der Bundesrepublik trotz Wasserreichtums eine Wasserkrise, denn gutes Wasser wird knapp.
In dem beim Piper Verlag erschienenen Buch "Wasserwende" wurden die Ergebnisse einer mehrjährigen Forschungsarbeit des Instituts für sozialökologische Forschung (ISOE) zu den Bereichen Wassersparen, Abwasser, Grundwasserschutz und Brauchwassernutzung integriert. Ziel der AutorInnen ist es hierbei, eine Alternative im Umgang mit dem Wasser zu skizzieren, die die eigentlichen Ursachen der Zerstörung des bisherigen Überschusses an gutem Wasser angeht. So lassen sich Handlungsspielräume für die künftigen Generationen offenhalten.
Diese Alternative, eine Neuordnung des Wasserhaushalts nach den Grundsätzen der regionalen Nachhaltigkeit, erfordert neue Wege in praktisch allen Bereichen und differenzierte Ansätze für den städtischen und den ländlichen Raum. Die AutorInnen skizzieren ausführlich, wie Grundwasserschäden saniert und wie Industrie und Landwirtschaft auf eine wasserschonende Produktion umgestellt werden können. Charakteristisch für die ISOE-Strategie ist, nicht auf eine immer weitergehende technische Aufrüstung zu setzen, sondern soziale Elemente der Vernetzung wie "Miteinander-Sprechen", "Bewußtwerdung", aber auch neue Wege im Wasserrecht in den Vordergrund zu rücken.
(Quelle: Verlagsprospekt)
[Zum Seitenanfang]
A. W. KOERS: Rights and Obligations of the Individual on
the Electronic Highway - The Birth of a Charter. The Hague, Rathenau
Instituut (Programme Information and Communication, FATIMA Series),
1995. ISBN 90 346 32 199.
Subtitled the birth of a charter, this booklet by Professor A.W. Koers (University of Utrecht) is part of a larger project Fatima. This project intends to contribute to the public and political debate about the public task for the information provision which was called for by the Dutch government in its Action Programme Electronic Highways of December 1994.
The booklet is an investigation of individual rights and obligations that might be an issue in the year 2010 as the result of the widespread use digital media. It takes the form of a scenario in which Fatima, the proprietress of a delicatessen in Rotterdam, returns to her office after a short holiday, switches on her computer and is horrified to find no less than 4293 E-mail messages have been transmitted. She promptly discovers that many messages are illegible, anonymous or have been erroneously mailed to her.
Fatimas subsequent experiences and their legal implications are discussed in this entertainingly presented slim booklet (47 pages). The report has two objectives: firstly to help the individual participate in the debate over his or her rights and obligations on the electronic highway; secondly, to ensure that, as a participant in the debate, the individual will be able to make a significant contribution.
Available from
Rathenau Instituut
P.O. Box 85525
2508 CE Den Haag
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31-70-342 15 42
Fax: +31-70-363 34 88
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